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Summary Report on Studies of the Impact of Insecticides on Forest Ecosystems

Problem Addressed: Insecticide impacts on forest ecosystems

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Examine forest songbird responses to timber stand alterations in Eastern Canada caused by spruce budworm damage over the past decade.

Key Findings: In areas where the budworm-killed conifer component is being replaced by a new forest growth, songbird density is comparable to that in adjacent undamaged stands, but songbird diversity is considerably lower than in nearby unaffected stands.

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Insecticide Trials to Control Spruce Budworm Damage on Christmas Trees

Problem Addressed: Spruce budworm and use of insecticides effecting Christmas trees

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Describe the tests of experimental applications of three chemicals to provide data for new registrations.

Key Findings: Fall and winter predictions of high populations and potential heavy budworm damage in southern Maine were inaccurate.

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Effects of Insecticides

Problem Addressed: Effects of insecticides

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Organize remarks on 'the pesticide problem' and pesticides effects on non-target organisms.

Key Findings: Adopting ecologically sound insect-pest management using modern integrated control systems will help reduce genetic toxicity to experimental animals and will work against how insecticides are frequently counterproductive in achieving the intended objective of controlling insect populations.

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The Role of the Sex Pheromone in the Management of Spruce Budworm

Problem Addressed: Outbreaks of the eastern Spruce budworm

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Develop strategies aimed at the prevention of outbreaks using pheromone baited traps.

Key Findings: The capability of the synthetic sex pheromone of C. fumiferana in reducing the production of fertile eggs, and hence its potential as a weapon for managing spruce budworm populations is still largely unknown.

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The Significance of Non-Host and Alternative Host Tree Species on Populations of Larval and Spruce Budworm, with Emphasis on Improving Sampling Techniques

Problem Addressed: Spruce budworm

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Evaluate spruce budworm population and defoliation levels on host species of differing forest types in Maine.

Key Findings: Spruce budworm moths showed a distinct preference for white spruce foliage. Egg to instar-VI budworm survival was highest in the forest type which was a mixture of white spruce and balsam fir. Survival was lowest in the study area with a mixture of red spruce, balsam fir, and hemlock.

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Potential for Prebunching with Small Wheeled Tractors

Problem Addressed: Slash from precommercial thinning creating an extreme fire hazard and serving as a breeding ground for insects.

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Utilize slash from precommercial thinning operations to meet part of the needs for wood fiber and energy.

Key Findings: A system that involves moving trees from the woods to a main skid trail with a small machine and moving the bunched materials from the skid trail to the landing with a larger machine is necessary.

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How to Reduce Poisoning of Bees from Pesticides

Problem Addressed: Bee death from pesticides used against Spruce Budworm

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Explain measures to take so not to effect bees from pesticide use.

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Toxicity of the IGR, Diflubenzuron, to Freshwater Invertebrates and Fish

Problem Addressed: Toxicity of insecticides used against spruce budworm on invertebrates and fish.

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Study the potential toxicological effects of the parent compound diflubenzuron and three of its known degradation products to freshwater fish and invertebrates.

Key Findings: The acute toxicity of the WP formulation of diflubenzuron varied greatly between species of aquatic invertebrates.

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The Effects of Fenitrothion, Matacil and Orthene on Frog Larvae

Problem Addressed: Effects of insecticides used for spruce budworm control on other wildlife.

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Discuss the behavioral repertoire of Rana clamitans tadpoles in the laboratory.

Key Findings: Concentrations detrimental to anuran larvae would never be encountered under normal operational applications of these chemicals.

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Impact of the 1974-81 Spruce Budworm Infestation on the Forests of Cape Breton Island

Problem Addressed: Spruce budworm infestation on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia beginning in 1974.

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Determine what the overall effects of the SBW infestation on the Island forests was.

Key Findings: Volume of merchantable spruce/fir growing stock was reduced, degree of damage varied by covertype, and over half of the projected living merchantable spruce and fir trees died either during or immediately following the SBW attack.

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