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Spruce Budworm Management Planning — Limiting Environmental Impacts

Problem Addressed: Environmental impacts from forest management and processes.

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Give an appreciation of the types of environmental impacts that are associated with spruce budworm management and to demonstrate that pests can be managed in several ways, each with different impacts.

Key Findings: Environmental impacts depend on not only management strategy and insecticide but also on application rate, formulation, spray timing and block layout.

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Summary of the EPA’s Evaluation of the Pesticide Carbaryl

Problem Addressed: Effects of insecticides

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Summary of EPA's evaluation of the pesticide carbaryl, and weight the risks of using a pesticide against its economic and social benefits.

Key Findings: Carbaryl is a registered pesticide which has been demonstrated not to cause unreasonable adverse effects when used in accordance with commonly recognized practices.

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Final Report 1973, Parasitoid Studies

Problem Addressed: Spruce budworm

Goal(s)/Objective(s): See if areas of spruce-fir containing mixtures of various species of hardwoods would also harbor (1) lower populations of budworm, and (2) greater percentages of parasites.

Key Findings: Spruce budworm populations were much lower in areas containing predominantly hardwoods mixed with some spruce and fir.

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Proposal to the Maine Department of Conservation: Further Studies on Entomopthora Fungi that Attack Spruce Budworm & Development of Techniques to Determine Population Declines in the Spruce Budworm

Problem Addressed: Spruce budworm

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Two proposals to the Maine Department of Conservation for research involving spruce budworm control

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Summary Report on Studies of the Impact of Insecticides on Forest Ecosystems

Problem Addressed: Insecticide impacts on forest ecosystems

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Examine forest songbird responses to timber stand alterations in Eastern Canada caused by spruce budworm damage over the past decade.

Key Findings: In areas where the budworm-killed conifer component is being replaced by a new forest growth, songbird density is comparable to that in adjacent undamaged stands, but songbird diversity is considerably lower than in nearby unaffected stands.

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Insecticide Trials to Control Spruce Budworm Damage on Christmas Trees

Problem Addressed: Spruce budworm and use of insecticides effecting Christmas trees

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Describe the tests of experimental applications of three chemicals to provide data for new registrations.

Key Findings: Fall and winter predictions of high populations and potential heavy budworm damage in southern Maine were inaccurate.

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Effects of Insecticides

Problem Addressed: Effects of insecticides

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Organize remarks on 'the pesticide problem' and pesticides effects on non-target organisms.

Key Findings: Adopting ecologically sound insect-pest management using modern integrated control systems will help reduce genetic toxicity to experimental animals and will work against how insecticides are frequently counterproductive in achieving the intended objective of controlling insect populations.

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How to Reduce Poisoning of Bees from Pesticides

Problem Addressed: Bee death from pesticides used against Spruce Budworm

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Explain measures to take so not to effect bees from pesticide use.

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Toxicity of the IGR, Diflubenzuron, to Freshwater Invertebrates and Fish

Problem Addressed: Toxicity of insecticides used against spruce budworm on invertebrates and fish.

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Study the potential toxicological effects of the parent compound diflubenzuron and three of its known degradation products to freshwater fish and invertebrates.

Key Findings: The acute toxicity of the WP formulation of diflubenzuron varied greatly between species of aquatic invertebrates.

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The Effects of Fenitrothion, Matacil and Orthene on Frog Larvae

Problem Addressed: Effects of insecticides used for spruce budworm control on other wildlife.

Goal(s)/Objective(s): Discuss the behavioral repertoire of Rana clamitans tadpoles in the laboratory.

Key Findings: Concentrations detrimental to anuran larvae would never be encountered under normal operational applications of these chemicals.

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