Aerial Survey Techniques for the Spruce Budworm in the Lake States
Goal(s)/Objective(s): To set up defoliation standards for air observers which could be related to larval population and actual defoliation. Also to determine best flying height, the effect of contrasting filters, and observer accuracy.
Key Findings: Samples collected from the midcrown of codominant or dominant balsam fir trees represent the best estimate of defoliation for the entire tree.
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