• Miller, C.A.
  Maritimes Forest Research Centre - Fredericton, New Brunswick
  
• Renault, T.R.
  Maritimes Forest Research Centre - Fredericton, New Brunswick
  

Second-instar spruce budworm larvae were placed on small trees in the field and treated in three ways: enclosed in a fine-mesh cage, or a large-mesh cage, or left exposed. The objective was, through isolation, to assess some of the major mortality factors affecting a sparse budworm population. Highest mortality occurred in among late late-instar larvae and pupae. Major mortality factors or processes were not identified because large larvae were unaccountably lost in the large-mesh cages.