• Waskiewicz, Justin
  University of Maine
  

In New England, eastern white pine and northern red oak commonly grow together in mixed-species stands, accompanied by eastern hemlock, red maple, and other hardwoods. Great variability in spacing and juxtaposition of trees of different species, age, and size classes within small-scale “neighborhoods” of adjacent trees makes such stands difficult to model and manage but well-suited to study of neighborhood-scale competition.