• Bashant, Amy L.
  
• Nyland, Ralph D.
  
• Engelman, Heather M.
  
• Bohn, Kimberly K.
  
• Verostek, Jane M.
  
• Donoso, Pablo J.
  
• Nissen, Roger L. Jr.
  

Past research and management experience in northern hardwood forests indicate that species like American beech, striped maple, hobblebush, hayscented fern, New York fern, bracken fern, raspberries, and pin cherry may interfere with regeneration of desirable tree species. the interference often involves inter-specific competition, reducing essential resources shared by two or more species. Problems commonly relate the the rapid growth, tall stature, and/or persistence of these interfering plants. When at high density, they cast such a heavy shade that smaller seedlings of other species may fail, and advance regeneration may die or not develop.