• Langelier, Lisa A.
  Dept of Fish & Wildlife, University of Idaho
  
• Garton, Edward O.
  Dept of Fish & Wildlife, University of Idaho
  

This manual is for foresters who wish to consider enhancing populations of predaceous birds in budworm susceptible stands. Foraging behavior and habitat preferences are summarized for 14 of the dominant budworm-eating birds in mixed conifer forests. These summaries are followed by guidelines for improving bird habitat. The information presented comes from several sources: early literature, recent studies by the authors, and papers from three symposia (DeGraff 1978, 1980; Smith 1975) that summarized knowledge on managing nongame birds in various regions of the West.